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Arduino For Beginners



What Is Arduino?
Arduino is an open source programmable circuit board that can be integrated into a wide variety of makerspace projects both simple and complex. This board contains a microcontroller which is able to be programmed to sense and control objects in the physical world. By responding to sensors and inputs, the Arduino is able to interact with a large array of outputs such as LEDs, motors and displays. Because of it’s flexibility and low cost, Arduino has become a very popular choice for makers and makerspaces looking to create interactive hardware projects.

Arduino was introduced back in 2005 in Italy by Massimo Banzi as a way for non-engineers to have access to a low cost, simple tool for creating hardware projects. Since the board is open-source, it is released under a Creative Commons license which allows anyone to produce their own board. If you search the web, you will find there are hundreds of Arduino compatible clones and variations available but the only official boards have Arduino in it’s name.

In the next section, we’re going to discuss a few of the Arduino boards available and how they differ from each other.



Types of Arduino Boards

Arduino is a great platform for prototyping projects and inventions but can be confusing when having to choose the right board. If you’re brand new to this, you might have always thought that there was just one “Arduino” board and that’s it. In reality, there are many variations of the official Arduino boards and then there are hundreds more from competitors who offer clones. But don’t worry, we’re going to show you which one to start with later on in this tutorial.

Below are a few examples of the different types of Arduino boards out there. The boards with the name Arduino on them are the official boards but there are also a lot of really great clones on the market as well. One of the best reasons to buy a clone is the fact they are generally less expensive than their official counterpart. Adafruit and Sparkfun for example, sell variations of the Arduino boards which cost less but still have the same quality of the originals. One word of caution, be careful when buying boards from companies you don’t know.




Image credit – Sparkfun.com

Another factor to consider when choosing a board is the type of project you are looking to do. For example, if you want to create a wearable electronic project, you might want to consider the LilyPad board from Sparkfun. The LilyPad is designed to be easily sewn into e-textiles and wearable projects. If your project has a small form factor, you might want to use the Arduino Pro Mini which has a very small footprint compared to other boards. Check out Sparkfun’s Arduino Comparison Guide for a breakdown and comparison of the top boards out there.


Next, we’re going to focus on our favorite Arduino board which we recommend beginners start with.

Arduino Uno

One of the most popular Arduino boards out there is the Arduino Uno. While it was not actually the first board to be released, it remains to be the most actively used and most widely documented on the market. Because of its extreme popularity, the Arduino Uno has a ton of project tutorials and forums around the web that can help you get started or out of a jam. We’re big fans of the Uno because of it’s great features and ease of use.




Board Breakdown

Here are the components that make up an Arduino board and what each of their functions are.
  • Reset Button – This will restart any code that is loaded to the Arduino board
  • AREF – Stands for “Analog Reference” and is used to set an external reference voltage
  • Ground Pin – There are a few ground pins on the Arduino and they all work the same
  • Digital Input/Output – Pins 0-13 can be used for digital input or output
  • PWM – The pins marked with the (~) symbol can simulate analog output
  • USB Connection – Used for powering up your Arduino and uploading sketches
  • TX/RX – Transmit and receive data indication LEDs
  • ATmega Microcontroller – This is the brains and is where the programs are stored
  • Power LED Indicator – This LED lights up anytime the board is plugged in a power source
  • Voltage Regulator – This controls the amount of voltage going into the Arduino board
  • DC Power Barrel Jack – This is used for powering your Arduino with a power supply
  • 3.3V Pin – This pin supplies 3.3 volts of power to your projects
  • 5V Pin – This pin supplies 5 volts of power to your projects
  • Ground Pins – There are a few ground pins on the Arduino and they all work the same
  • Analog Pins – These pins can read the signal from an analog sensor and convert it to digital


Arduino Power Supply

The Arduino Uno needs a power source in order for it to operate and can be powered in a variety of ways. You can do what most people do and connect the board directly to your computer via a USB cable. If you want your project to be mobile, consider using a 9V battery pack to give it juice. The last method would be to use a 9V AC power supply.


Arduino Breadboard

Another very important item when working with Arduino is a solderless breadboard. This device allows you to prototype your Arduino project without having to permanently solder the circuit together. Using a breadboard allows you to create temporary prototypes and experiment with different circuit designs. Inside the holes (tie points) of the plastic housing, are metal clips which are connected to each other by strips of conductive material.

On a side note, the breadboard is not powered on its own and needs power brought to it from the Arduino board using jumper wires. These wires are also used to form the circuit by connecting resistors, switches and other components together.

Here is a visual of what a completed Arduino circuit looks like when connected to a breadboard.


How To Program Arduino

Once the circuit has been created on the breadboard, you’ll need to upload the program (known as a sketch) to the Arduino. The sketch is a set of instructions that tells the board what functions it needs to perform. An Arduino board can only hold and perform one sketch at a time. The software used to create Arduino sketches is called the IDE which stands for Integrated Development Environment. The software is free to download and can be found



Every Arduino sketch has two main parts to the program:

void setup() – Sets things up that have to be done once and then don’t happen again.

void loop() – Contains the instructions that get repeated over and over until the board is turned off.
How Everything Works Together

The following 15 second video gives you a quick idea of how a breadboard, Arduino, jumper wires and the sketch work together to perform a function. In this example, we use a momentary push button switch to blink an LED. In a future post, we’ll dig deeper into the creation of circuits and programs for a few beginner projects.



Arduino Projects

You may be wondering what an Arduino board can do besides blink an LED. Below are some example projects which help to showcase how truly amazing this board is and the capabilities of it. If you’re looking for more project ideas, check out sites such as Instructables or Make Magazine which are loaded with helpful tutorials.





LED Cube w/ Arduino Uno – Instructables


Tools Needed

Next we will help to highlight some of the most common tools you will need when working with Arduino projects.


Arduino Shields

If you want to add a very specific functionality to your Arduino, you will need to use a shield. Arduino shields plug into the top of the Arduino board and can add capabilities such as WiFi, Bluetooth, GPS and much more. There are literally hundreds of shields to choose from and here are a few examples.


GPS Shield Plugged into Arduino Uno – Sparkfun.com
Arduino Sensors

If you want your Arduino to sense the world around it, you will need to add a sensor. There are a wide range of sensors to choose from and they each have a specific purpose. Below you will find some of the commonly used sensors in projects.


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